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2020 marked 51 years since the Stonewall Uprising, a series of civilly disobedient acts that are widely considered the start of the modern LGBTQIA+ movement. While the Stonewall Uprising was (a similar, but less remembered, riot took place at San Francisco鈥檚 Compton鈥檚 Cafeteria nearly three years earlier), it was a significant step in the movement for LGBTQIA+ rights. The riots began in the early hours of June 28, 1969 and continued for six days until July 3, 1969.
鈥淲hile we may never know who threw the first bottle or brick, who was the first to resist arrest, we do know that the police did not receive the response they were expecting in the early hours of Saturday, 28 June 1969, when they raided the Stonewall Inn, a bar located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. Accustomed to meek and fearful acquiescence to regular police raids, they were met instead with a rising tide of anger, shrieks of 鈥楪ay power!鈥 and trash cans set alight; the police were forced to call for backup from the Tactical Patrol Force, a riot-control unit that had been set up to deal with militant demonstrations against the war in Vietnam. Skirmishes continued for hours that night and were repeated the following night and into the next week. Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine, who had been forced to take shelter inside the Inn from the baying crowd outside, recalled in 1990, 鈥楩or those of us in public morals, things were completely changed 鈥 suddenly they were not submissive anymore.鈥欌 ()
While raids on gay bars and nightclubs were common in New York City at the time, and there remains uncertainty regarding exactly how the night turned to violence, young trans people of color, such as Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, were highly influential in the movement at the time and in subsequent years.
鈥淚n a 2018 essay, transgender poet and activist Chrysanthemum Tran said the particulars of who did what don鈥檛 matter. Stonewall was a 鈥榗ollective uprising,鈥 and Johnson and Rivera should be acknowledged not just for their actions on those few days, 鈥榖ut for their lifelong work of organizing and activism.鈥 In the wake of the riots, Johnson and Rivera were frequent organizers and participants at gay rights protests. They also founded Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries, or STAR, and opened a house to shelter homeless LGBT youth 鈥 the first shelter of its kind in the country.鈥 ()
This week also commemorates the fifth anniversary of the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court ruling that established the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
鈥淥n June 26, 2015, in an historic 5-4 ruling authored by Justice Kennedy, the Court held, as [Constitutional Accountability Center] had urged, that the Fourteenth Amendment requires marriage equality and that all states must allow same-sex couples to marry as well as recognize same-sex marriages entered into out-of-state. As the Court explained, the previous exclusion of gay and lesbian couples from the institution of marriage burdened the liberty of those couples and denied them the equal protection of the laws guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment. In so holding, the Court strongly rejected the argument whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry should be left to state voters, explaining that 鈥榝undamental rights may not be submitted to a vote鈥 and that the courts must be open to those seeking vindication of their rights.鈥 ()
This article includes additional context about the , 极速六合彩开奖结果 Professor of History, looks more deeply at the Compton鈥檚 Cafeteria riots of August 1966 in his documentary , which is available for streaming on various platforms.
Over time, the month of June has been designated as Pride Month throughout the world, with parades and other celebrations taking place throughout cities. In the absence of physical gathering this year, virtual celebrations were held, especially over the last weekend this June, including and .